Editing IBM Beam Spring Keyboards (section)

=Discrete Beam Spring Keyboards=

==3101==
<gallery widths="250" heights="147">
File:IBM 3101.jpeg|IBM 3101 (Italian)
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Launched in 1979, the 3101 is a low cost serial ASCII terminal designed to work with both IBM systems, and systems made by competing vendors. Its keyboard had the same physical key arrangement of the 87-key 3278 keyboards (or the 88-key Japanese layout), but featured a different housing and a different keycap color scheme. IBM later produced a [[IBM_Model_F#IBM_3101_Model_F_Keyboard|Model F version]] that was interchangeable with the beam spring one.

<gallery widths="250" heights="167" caption="IBM 3101 Display Station">
File:3101layout.jpg   | Layout diagram of US 87-key IBM 3101 keyboard
File:3101japanese.jpg | Layout diagram of Japanese 88-key IBM 3101 keyboard
</gallery>

==3275 & 3277==

<gallery widths="250" heights="167">
File:IBM 3277 Beam Spring- keyboard profile.jpg | 66-key Typewriter layout
File:IBM 3277 66key Spanish.jpg | 66-key Data Entry layout
File:3277 1.jpg | 78-key Typewriter layout
</gallery>

The IBM 3275 and 3277 were the original terminals of the IBM 3270 Information Display System that launched in 1971. The IBM 3275 would attach to an IBM System/360 or System/370 via an IBM 2701 Data Adapter Unit, IBM 2703 Transmission Control or an Integrated Communications Adapter, and the 3277 would attach to an IBM 3271 or 3272 Control Unit<ref>http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3270/GA27-2739-1_An_Introduction_to_the_IBM_3270_Information_Display_System_May71.pdf</ref>. But otherwise, the two terminals shared the same basic keyboard designs. These beam spring versions of the keyboards are known as "Type B" by IBM, with "Type A" being the original [[Micro Switch SW Series]] based keyboards. The 66-key keyboard was available in keypunch-like data entry and typewriter layouts, whereas the 78-key was typewriter only. The 78-key was additionally available in an operator console variant with a layout based on the IBM 1052 Model 7 I/O Printer-Keyboard. These keyboards could have smooth or textured keycap tops depending if it was intended for world trade or not<ref>http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3277/S126-0005-2_3275_3277_Parts_Catalog_Mar76.pdf</ref>.

==3276, 3278 & 3279==
<gallery widths="250" heights="147">
3276.jpg| 75-key Data Entry layout
File:3278 in the 87-key layout.jpg|87-key Typewriter layout (modified for modern use)
File:Green legends.jpg|87-key Typewriter layout with engraved green alternate legends<ref>https://deskthority.net/viewtopic.php?p=378718#p378718</ref>
File:3278 apl.jpg|87-key Typewriter layout APL tripleshot orange legends<ref>https://deskthority.net/viewtopic.php?p=310103#p310103</ref>
File:IBM-3279.jpg|75-key Operator Console version
</gallery>

The IBM 3276 and 3278 Display Stations were terminals first appearing in 1977 and intended for the System/370 and later series of IBM mainframes. 3276 and 3278 differed by 3276's inclusion of an integrated control unit<ref>http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3270/GA27-2851-0_3270_Information_Display_System_Description_Configuration_and_Physical_Planning_May77.pdf</ref>. The IBM 3279 was IBM's first color terminal that followed later in 1979. They shared the same basic pool of keyboards and associated part numbers<ref>bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3278/S126-0029-0_3276_3278_Keyboard_Assembly_Parts_Catalog_Jan83.pdf</ref>, available with 75 and 87-key layouts (76 and 88 for Katakana respectively) with different legends for a myriad of purposes including data entry (75-key only) and typewriter usage. IBM 3278 Model 2A (also written as "A02") and 3279 Model 2C were operator console versions of their regular terminals intended for IBM 43X1 series processors and had the same 24-line screen as the regular model 2s but the bottom 4 lines were reserved for CPU operations. They had a version of the 75-key keyboard with extra control buttons for the host processor's fundamental operations such as power and initial microcode loading (IML), status LEDs, and green "START" and red "STOP" keys. Additionally for 3279s, an "Attribute Select" version of the 87-key keyboard was available that added various unique legends to the 12-key bank for programmed symbols (PSA to PSF), extended highlighting ("a" with background, radial lines or underscore) and extended colouring (solid rectangular blocks of colour)<ref>http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/3278/GA33-3056-0_3270_Information_Display_System_Color_and_Programmed_Symbols_3278_3279_3287_Sep1979.pdf</ref>.

==3727==

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File:3101.jpg | IBM 3727 Operator Console keyboard
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The IBM 3727 Operator Console was designed to be attached to the the IBM 3725 Communications controller. The 3727 keyboard shares the physical layout of the 3101 keyboard but lacks the extensive DIP switch suite.

==4978==
<gallery widths="320" heights="240" caption="IBM Series/1">
File:IBM 4978 Keyboard Front.jpg|IBM 4978 122 key standard layout (US version)
File:Ibm 4978 custom keyboard cropped.png|4978 terminal with specially configured keyboard displayed at the IBM/Celestica alumni reunion March 2018
File:4978 keys off.jpg|4978 with the keys and case cover removed
File:4978IBM4110.jpg|Portable ruggedized 4978 attached to 4110 "Green Machine" featuring keyboard with a ruggedized case
</gallery>The IBM 4978 Display Station is a terminal for the IBM Series/1 minicomputer. The default keyboard configuration from IBM came with a 122-key layout, including 32 relegendable programmable function keys. The 4978 terminal was offered by IBM two years after the initial launch of the Series/1 as a response to customer requests for improvement to the 4979 Display Station, which was previously the only operator data entry terminal for the Series/1. As opposed to the predefined layout of the 4979, the keyboard for the 4978 was offered as a use-case configurable RPQ, (IBM's abbreviation for "request for price quotation", meaning that a given item was nonstandard but was available upon request) and according to the Series/1 system summary guide from September 1979, "Several keyboards are available [with the 4978 terminal] to permit a variety of display station configurations"<ref>http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/series1/GA34-0035-5_Series_1_System_Summary_Sep79.pdf</ref>. The extent of what other keyboard models were available is unknown, but from the examples that remain, it seems that IBM used a standard PCB and mounting plate on which keys were configured or rearranged at the factory to match a customer's needs. The unused holes for keys were covered up with tape (shown above) and a custom made case top would be made to fit around the desired layout. 

IBM designed a special ruggedized version of the Series/1 specifically for the US Marine Corps in 1980 called the IBM Series/1 model 4110 Automated Data Processing Equipment for the Fleet Marine Force (ADPE-FMF). This version of the Series/1 included a ruggedized, portable version of the 4978 that was protected from water, dust, sunlight, shock, and vibration<ref>https://archive.org/stream/automateddatapro00aday/automateddatapro00aday_djvu.txt</ref>. The original 4978 terminals for the 4110 used keyboards with the standard 122 key layout, but featured black metal cases styled similarly to the 3277 keyboards (shown above). The 4110 was dubbed by Marine Corps operators "The Green Machine" because of the main unit's green color and the green screens of the terminals.

==5251 & 5252==
<gallery widths="300" heights="180" caption="5250 Information Display System">
File:AJM-5251-1.jpg|83 key keyboard (US version)
File:AJM-5251-2.jpg|83 key keyboard (Deutschland, German)
File:5251-85.jpg|85 key keyboard (Israel, Hebrew)
File:Katakana.PNG|85 key Katakana keyboard (While the image counts the keys to 86, key number 63 doesn't seem to exist)<ref>https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_ibm525xGA2onDisplaySystemIntroductionJan80_3999909/page/n33/mode/2up?q=keyboard</ref>
</gallery><gallery widths="300" heights="180">
File:WThPUIC.jpg|66 key data entry keyboard w/o split spacebar (US)<ref>https://deskthority.net/viewtopic.php?p=177396#p177396</ref>
File:67 key layout.PNG|67 key data entry split spacebar layout diagram<ref>https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_ibm525xGA2onDisplaySystemIntroductionJan80_3999909/page/n33/mode/2up?q=keyboard</ref>
</gallery>The IBM 5251 and 5252, part of the IBM 5250 Information Display System, are video terminals that were meant to be application configurable means of data entry, located away from, or directly attached to the host system. They could be attached to a variety of hosts, including: series /1, system/34 or system/38. IBM suggested using the terminals in areas such as a sales counter, an order entry department or a receiving department. The 5252 differed from the 5251 in that the 5252 shared a single display that was split with a mirror between two operators to create two screens, however both units shared the same keyboard offerings. They featured four different keyboards, a 83 key keyboard (standard), a 86 key keyboard (Katakana) a 66 key keyboard (data entry) and a 67 key keyboard (data entry with split spacebar). The 83 key keyboard shares its layout with the later Model F 83 key [[IBM System/23 Datamaster Keyboard|IBM System/23 Datamaster]], [[IBM Model F#IBM 5291 Keyboard|IBM 5291 terminal]] and [[IBM PC/XT Model F keyboard|IBM PC keyboards]] as well as the 5280 Distributed Data Station keyboards discussed below. The 66 key variant dropped the number pad and featured "data entry" key legends, shown above. The 67 key layout was nearly identical to the 66 key layout, but had a split spacebar with a 3 unit zero key on the right side. The Katakana variant had 3 extra keys to accommodate the expanded character set. Legends were offered in several different languages, including German and Japanese, shown above. The 5250 system offered a light pen accessory which allowed the user to select highlight and copy text by dragging the light pen across the screen.

==5253 & 5254==

<gallery widths="250" heights="180" caption="5520 Administrative System">
File:5253 system in color.PNG|IBM 5253 Display with keyboard<ref>https://archive.org/details/TNM_IBM_5520_Administrative_System_20171101_0089/page/n1/mode/2up</ref>
File:5253layout.jpg|Layout diagram of 84-key IBM 5253/5254 Keyboard
File:Ibm5254.jpg|IBM 5254 Display Station with keyboards
File:IBM administrative system.PNG|IBM 5253 terminal displayed at the IBM/Celestica alumni reunion March 2018
</gallery>

The IBM 5253 Display Station and the dual screen 5254 are video terminals made for the IBM 5520 Administrative System, and were amalgamations of the 5251/5252 and the later 6580 Displaywriter System. The terminals, which looked identical to the 5251/5252, supported 3270 emulation and were designed to create, process and manage documents locally or remotely. The keyboards which were almost identical to the 6580 Displaywriter, had two known layout options: an 82 key, 92 character keyboard and an 84 key, 96 character keyboard (shown above). The major differences between the keyboards of the Displaywriter and the Administrative System were the color of the keys, and the legends, with the Displaywriter having white keys and the Administrative System having black keys and more specialized legends. Not very much is known about this system because it was it was a commercial failure and was withdrawn from marketing only three and a half years after the first order was shipped.<ref>https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_5.html</ref>

==5281 & 5285==
<gallery widths="300" heights="180" caption="5280 Distributed Data System">
File:1600px-MNACTEC keyboards (31123483945).jpg|5281 Terminal shown with 66 key data entry keyboard
File:S-l1600.jpg|5281 keyboard (Spanish) with top removed
</gallery>The 5281 and 5285 are video terminals made for the 5280 Distributed Data System. Described as a low cost way to enter data into and communicate data with larger computers, the 5280 offered increased performance from the 3740 Data Entry System which it was aiming to replace. Unique among IBM terminals, the 5285 was able to act as a controller and process data on the spot without being connected to a host device. The keyboard offerings were identical to the offerings for the 5250 System, however the bezels on the sides were shortened and the bottom bezel was elongated, to create a palm rest. As a result, the standard 83 key keyboard has the same form factor as the later Model F [[IBM Model F#IBM 5291 Keyboard|IBM 5291 terminal]] and Datamaster 5324 keyboards, and was the first keyboard to have this form factor. The top of the case is a cheaper and thinner plastic than on most beamsprings, and also yellows with age and light exposure, unlike most other models. While the legends are mostly identical to those from the 5250 System, there are a handful of unique legends on the number pad and function cluster. These keyboards use a speaker for auditory feedback similar to the 6580 Displaywriter and 4978 Display Station keyboards. Bizarrely, the speaker location was changed midway through production and was moved from being mounted in the upper right to the bottom left on later keyboards.

==6580==

The IBM 6580 Displaywriter is a word processor introduced by IBM in 1980. It featured two keyboard configurations: 82-key (with 92 characters) and 84-key (with 96 characters). One unusual feature was that the Caps Lock key physically locked down when pressed. The keyboard also contained a speaker instead of the click solenoid found in other Beam Spring keyboards. The Displaywriter was most likely the last IBM machine to feature a beam spring keyboard. The next year, IBM launched the System/23 Datamaster and the 5150 Personal Computer.

<gallery widths="250">
File:Displaywriter.jpg|84-key DisplayWriter keyboard
File:Displaywriter92.jpg|82-key DisplayWriter keyboard
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==7485==
The IBM 7485 Display Station terminal is mentioned in certain documentation, and may have been a variant of the 3101.

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File:7485.jpg | Layout diagram of IBM 7485 keyboard
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