Editing IBM Model F

{{infobox dkeyboard
| image name   = 
| pn           = Various (see below)
| fcc          =
| branding     = IBM
| manufacturer = [[IBM]]
| switch       = [[IBM capacitive buckling spring]]
| layouts      = Various
| interface    = [[XT keyboard interface|XT]], [[AT keyboard interface|AT]], others
| years        = 1981—1994
}}

'''Model F''' was the designation given by IBM to their [[IBM buckling spring#Capacitive|buckling spring over capacitive]] keyboards, manufactured by IBM and Lexmark starting in 1981 and continuing through the mid-1990s. The best known Model Fs are the [[IBM Personal Computer keyboard]] and the [[IBM Personal Computer AT keyboard]]. They were also made for a wide variety of other IBM computers and terminals, and for some of the IBM Electronic Typewriter family<!-- which ones? -->.

First appearing in the System/23 Datamaster of 1981, the Model F design was used in most IBM keyboards of the early to mid-1980s. By 1983, however, IBM had designed the much cheaper and simpler [[Model M]]. After the Model F AT that initially came with the IBM PC AT, IBM shifted mostly to the Model M, although certain terminal Model F variants continued to be produced. Some Model Fs have been observed with production dates as late as 1994. It is unclear when production of new Model F parts ended, because later Model Fs may have been assembled out of spare parts. Unlike the Model M, the Model F designation is not always shown on the back of the keyboard. It can sometimes be found on the label on the backplate of the keyboard assembly, or it may be completely absent.

With the exception of the IBM PC AT, most Model F keyboards require an active hardware adapter to be reliably used with PS/2 or USB on a modern PC.

==Common design features==
Model F keyboards were the first to use IBM's buckling spring key mechanism, designed to replace IBM's costlier and more complex [[beam spring]] keyboards. They were lighter and more compact, to the extent that IBM's sales literature described them as "low profile" and "ergonomic". The Model F utilized the same capacitive sensing technology as the beam spring keyboards with very similar electronics and PCBs.<ref name="xwhatsit" />

The Model F's internal assembly consists of a curved steel back plate and a curved steel top plate with the switches and PCB sandwiched in between. The flexible [[printed circuit board|PCB]] has slots in it that slide onto pegs on the back plate, and it conforms to the curve of the bottom plate when attached. There may be a thin plastic sheet between the PCB and the back plate, presumably to help electrically insulate them from each other. The springs with their attached hammers (the 'Pivot Plate Assemblies' in IBM terminology) are housed in removable barrel modules that slide into holes on the upper plate, with an additional notch or peg to maintain the alignment. The barrels with pegs are commonly referred to as "XT" barrels, and are found on XT-layout Model Fs, and the 3178 Model F and its relatives. The barrels with notches are commonly referred to as "AT" barrels, and are found on the Model F AT and nearly every other type of Model F. The pegs on "XT" barrels would interfere with the stabilizer wires found on AT, 4704, and 122-key Model Fs, which may have been the reason IBM changed the design. All model F keys that are unstepped and wide enough to require stabilization use wire stabilizers. The Model F AT's enter key uses a combination of a horizontal wire stabilizer and a rectangular stabilizer insert in the barrel that the \| key normally occupies. The "rod" stabilizers found in most Model Ms beginning in 1985 do not appear in Model Fs.

There is a sheet of foam with holes in it that goes in between the switches and the top plate which maintains constant pressure between the top and back plates. This foam is prone to degradation. The top and back plates are held together with a series of interlocking tabs, with one longer tab from the top plate folded over the bottom plate to keep them from moving relative to each other.

Model F keycaps are the same dye-sublimated PBT as those used in the later Model M, although over time there were changes to the dyesub characteristics and slight changes in the design of the slider. The first Model Fs launched with one-piece keycaps, but the later 122-key PC 3270 and 3179 terminal keyboards started using two-piece keycaps. IBM sold some sets of the top part of the two-piece keycaps for users to change the layout of their keyboard themselves.

All the keycaps on the Model F are the same profile and can be used on any row. The curve of the assembly simulates a curved keycap profile, in contrast to IBM's Beam Spring keyboards and Cherry's G80 keyboards which have a unique keycap profile for each row to achieve a curve relative to the flat switch plate.

==Keyboards==
===IBM System/23 Datamaster Keyboard===
{{Main|IBM 5322 System/23 Datamaster computer}}

The first Model F keyboard appeared on the IBM System/23 Datamaster, released one month before the IBM PC. It was an 83-key keyboard mounted internally in the Datamaster unit. Its physical and functional layout was similar to that of the IBM 5251 terminal. When the Datamaster's engineers subsequently designed the PC, they convinced their superiors to use the same keyboard, thus spawning Model F variants for a number of other IBM computers.

The original Datamaster system was known as the '''5322'''. In 1982, IBM launched the '''5324''' system.<ref name=ibm5324/> Amongst other differences, the newer model was not an all-in-one system, and instead had separate display, keyboard and processor units. The 5324 keyboard looks similar to the later '''5291''' terminal keyboard, except the legends on the keycaps are the same as that of the integrated keyboard on the original 5322 Datamaster system.

<gallery widths=250px heights=187 caption="IBM 5322 System/23 Datamaster">
File:Datamaster.jpg|Keyboard mounted in Datamaster unit.
</gallery>

===IBM Personal Computer keyboard===
{{main|IBM Personal Computer keyboard}}

This is the standard keyboard bundled with the iconic IBM PC computer launched in 1981, also known as IBM 5150, and thus became the most iconic IBM Model F keyboard despite being based on the previous Datamaster design.

<gallery widths=250 heights=110>
IBM XT top.JPG
</gallery>

===IBM CS/9000 Keyboard===
{{main|IBM System 9000 keyboard}}

The CS/9000 of 1982—also known as the System 9000—was a laboratory computer based on a Motorola 68000 CPU. Its keyboard was electronically interchangeable with that of the PC and PC/XT, and had a layout similar to the 5150.

<gallery widths=250 heights=90>
File:ibm_system_9000_model_f.jpg|IBM System 9000 keyboard
</gallery>

===IBM Portable Computer Keyboard===
The 5155 Portable PC was a briefcase-style portable computer released in 1984. It used the standard PC/XT keyboard with some modifications: the keyboard attached over the front of the case when not in use. It used a [[Wikipedia:Modular_connector#6P6C|6P6C RJ-25]] connector with a thinner cable, and included an adapter to DIN-5 so it could be used with a standard PC.

<gallery widths=250px heights=187 caption="IBM 5155 Portable Computer">
File:portpc.jpg|IBM Portable PC, with keyboard (German layout)
</gallery>

===IBM EMR Keyboard===
The EMR keyboard appears to have been used in specialized TEMPEST-hardened versions of IBM PCs designed to block electromagnetic signals that could be illicitly monitored. It appears to be a standard PC/XT Model F with a different cable and connector, and with shielding around the controller card inside the keyboard. Examples have been seen with Caps Lock located to the left of A, Ctrl located to the left of the spacebar, and Alt to the right of the spacebar. Known examples were for PC/XT-style systems, but there may have been some variants of the 122-key terminal, AT, and Model M Enhanced Keyboards with similar cable/connector modifications. The EMR keyboard used a DIN connector with a shield cable, and the EMR II keyboard used a 4-pin D-SUB connector. 

<gallery widths=250px caption="IBM EMR II">
File:EMR1.jpg|IBM EMR Keyboard
File:modfemr.jpeg|The EMR II Keyboard, part number '''100A536'''
</gallery>

===IBM TPC keyboard===
The TPC keyboards are very similar to the EMR keyboards mentioned above. Both PC/XT and PC/AT compatible variants have been found, with the PC/AT variant being built around the F/AT keyboard. Major differences include a shielded, uncoiled cable with a  serial connector at the end, as well as copper shielding around the controller and rubber-insulated components. Despite the difference in cable and plug, the keyboard utilizes the AT protocol.
<gallery widths=250px caption="IBM TPC keyboard IV">

TPC keyboard IV .jpg              |Front-facing angle of the keyboard, showcasing the different badge and nonstandard cable. 
Tpc keyboard iv inside.jpg        |The internal shielding of the controller.
Tpc keyboard iv components.jpg    |The controller itself, with nonstandard rubber-insulated components in view. 
</gallery>

===IBM 5291 Keyboard===
IBM's 5291 terminals also did not use the same keyboard as the Datamaster, mounted in a larger case than the PC/XT keyboard. (For this reason, aficionados often refer to the 5291 as "Bigfoot".) It had the same functional layout as the 5251 terminal keyboard, and attached to the terminal with a 15-pin connector. An unusual feature was the keyboard's three-stage risers. US-layout variants had the part numbers '''4176191'''<ref name=ibm4176191/> and '''1397950'''.

<gallery widths=250 heights=170>
IBM 5291 Bigfoot - overview.jpg       | The keyboard of the IBM 5291
IBM 5291 Bigfoot - bottom.jpg         | Bottom
IBM 5291 Bigfoot - max height.jpg     | Detail of the risers set to max height
IBM 5291 Bigfoot - medium height.jpg  | Medium height
IBM 5291 Bigfoot - minimum height.jpg | Minimum height
</gallery>

===IBM 3178 Keyboards===
The IBM 3178 was a low-cost 3270 terminal based on the 3101 launched in 1983. Much like the 3278, it had an array of 75- and 87-key options, and used the same physical and functional layouts as its beam spring predecessors. It had no risers, and the 75-key variants used the same enclosure as the 87-key ones, with the number-pad area covered. The keyboards' back labels show the model of the terminal they are intended for—C1 through C4. They had part numbers '''56409xx''', depending on version.

<gallery widths=250 heights=210 caption="IBM 3178 Display Terminal">
File:C1 and c2.jpg|Two 3178 keyboards - 87-key Typewriter Keyboard (top) 75-key Data Entry Keyboard (bottom)
</gallery>

====IBM 3101 Model F Keyboard====
In 1983, IBM replaced the [[IBM_Beam_Spring_Keyboards#IBM_3101_Display_Station_Keyboard|beam spring 3101 keyboard]] with a Model F 3178 keyboard bearing the 3101's functional layout. The two keyboards were electronically interchangeable.

<gallery widths=250px heights=187 caption="IBM 3101 Display Terminal">
File:3101ModelF.jpg|IBM 3101 keyboard - Model F variant.
</gallery>

====IBM 3104 Keyboard====
The 3104 was a low-cost mainframe terminal. It had a limited subset of the 3178's keyboard options and its own part numbers. It is unclear if they were compatible with the keyboards used on the 3178.

<gallery widths=250px heights=187 caption="IBM 3104 Display Terminal">
File:3104B.jpg|IBM 3104 terminal with keyboard - 87-key Operator console variant.
</gallery>

===IBM Personal Computer AT keyboard ===
The Personal Computer Advanced Technology (PC AT), released in 1984, was the successor to the IBM PC and XT. Its revamped design was probably the final Model F keyboard design before the first Model M's appeared later that year. The layout was modified to address criticisms of the earlier PC keyboard, and somewhat resembled the layout of the IBM Displaywriter. The communications protocol between keyboard and computer was also redesigned, with bidirectional signals supporting lock lights. Despite its incompatibility with the older PC keyboard, the PC AT used the same DIN-5 connector. The AT keyboard protocol became standard, and is compatible with that of PS/2 keyboards, enabling it to be used with PS/2 connections via a simple DIN-to-PS/2 adapter. The US layout variant has the part number '''6450200'''.

<gallery widths=250 heights=127 caption="IBM 5170 PC AT">
File:IBM Model F AT.jpg|IBM PC AT keyboard.
</gallery>

===IBM Displaywriter Model F Keyboard===
The IBM Displaywriter launched with a Beamspring keyboard, but in 1982, IBM began offering a Model F keyboard for it. They were marketed as "low profile, ergonomic" alternatives to the enormous beamspring keyboards. It was available only in the 84-key, 96-character layout, and not the less common 82-key, 92-character layout. The Displaywriter Model F has a unique all-pearl color scheme, and so far only German language versions have been found.

<gallery widths=250 heights=147 caption="IBM Displaywriter">
File:Displaywriter_F_Front.JPG|IBM low-profile Displaywriter Keyboard. German layout.
File:DWmodelF.jpeg|IBM low-profile Displaywriter Keyboard. German layout, with Displaywriter system.
</gallery>

===IBM 104-key Model F Keyboards===
The 104-key Model F was the predecessor to the 122-key Model F keyboards, and is colloquially referred to as the "Unsaver". It is a common misconception that the Unsaver was introduced after the 122-key Model F keyboards, when in fact it was introduced several months ahead of the first terminal [emulator] with a 122-key Model F keyboard. The Unsaver was primarily associated with two IBM systems - the IBM 3290 Information Panel series and the IBM 5080 Graphics System. The 3290 Model 1 (3290-1) was announced in March 1983<ref name="ibm183-033" /> (by contrast, the IBM 3270 Personal Computer that introduced the 122-key Model F was announced in October 1983<ref name="ibm183-129" />). The 5080 was announced in November 1983<ref name="ibm183-145" />. Finally, the IBM 3290 Model 2 series was announced in October 1985 with a model 220 (that included an Unsaver) and 230 (that included a 122-key Model M)<ref name="ibm185-115" />.

There were two major design iterations, or types, of Unsaver. The first type, which was intended for 3290-1 and 5080, featured one 15-pin (DA-15) and one 25-pin (DB-25) D-subminiature connector on the back. The DB-25 connector was used to connect the keyboard to a 3290-1 or 5080's 5085 attachment processor, and the DA-15 connector was used to connect peripherals such as the 5080's Lighted Program Function Keyboard or the 3290-1's and 5080's 24/25 key keypad. On the bottom of Type I, there was an adjustable clicker and a [redundant] bank of 4 DIP switches. The second type of the Unsaver, which was introduced with 3290-220, removed Type I's clicker and changed the location and size (to 8-position) of its DIP switch bank. Type II retains the holes on the back of the case for Type I's D-subminiature connectors, but they are hidden behind a plastic cover with a notch for a fixed cable terminating in a 240° 5-pin DIN connector.

IBM later offered a visually similar 104-key keyboard for the IBM 3191 Display Station<ref name="ibm187-025" />, IBM 3192 Color Display Station<ref name="worthpoint1868331207" /> and 3270-compatible IBM InfoWindow Display Stations (ie, 3471<ref name="ibm3471" />and 3472). These were referred to as "Quiet Touch" keyboards and were made by Micro Switch and used their [[Micro Switch ST Series|ST Series]] switches. As such, these are not related to Model F keyboards on a technical level - they were constructed differently to the 104-key Model F keyboards and the assemblies cannot be switched between the keyboards. A Model M assembly also cannot be modified to fit in the Quiet Touch 104-key keyboard.

<gallery widths=250 heights=127 caption="IBM 104-key keyboards">
File:1387033.jpg|3290-2 terminal keyboard, part number 1387033. 
File:73X3860.jpg|Micro Switch ST 104-key terminal keyboard, part number 73X3860.
</gallery>

===IBM 122-key Model F Keyboards===
The 122-key keyboards used originally for the PC 3270 (an XT with terminal emulation software and hardware) and later the 3179 and 3180 terminals. Part number '''611034x''', depending on version, layout, and whether it was for use with an emulator or actual terminal. It used a 240-degree DIN-5 connector. The layout was arguably inspired by the DEC LK-201, and seems to have been the basis for the layout of the later Model M Enhanced Keyboard. They can be distinguished from the Model M 122-key keyboards by their black metal underside (as opposed to plastic on the Model M equivalents). Unlike other dedicated terminal keyboards, which have a number of blank keys that do nothing, the PC terminal emulator keyboards actually make use of all 122 keys.  

<gallery widths=250 heights=170 caption="IBM PC 3270/3179/3180">
File:IBM_122_Model_F_1985_001.jpg | 3179 terminal keyboard, 5250-style layout, German layout. 
File:6110344.jpg                  | PC 3270 keyboard, part number 6110344.
File:6110346.jpg                  | IBM 3179 Data Entry keyboard, part number 6110346.
</gallery>

===IBM 4980 Keyboard===
The 4980 was a terminal for the IBM Series/1 minicomputer, which used a 127-key Model F keyboard. Based on the regular 122-key keyboard, it had additional keys that made its layout more similar to the beam spring keyboards on older Series/1 terminals. (122-key Model F's have contacts for the extra keys of the 127-key layout.) 

<gallery widths=250 heights=127 caption="IBM 4980">
File:4980.jpg|Diagram from an IBM manual showing the 127-key 4980 layout
</gallery>



==Clones==
The design and layout of IBM Model F—in particular the AT version— was widely copied by other keyboard manufacturers in both the US and the Far East.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Clones of the IBM Model F|Clones of the IBM Model F]]
* [[IBM Beam Spring Keyboards]]
* [[IBM Model M]]

==External links==
* Admiral Shark's Keyboards [https://sharktastica.co.uk/wiki?id=modelf IBM Model F keyboards]


==References==
<references>
<ref name=ibm4176191>Recycled Goods — [https://www.recycledgoods.com/ibm-4176191-74-key-serial-keyboard/ IBM 4176191 74 Key Serial Keyboard]</ref>
<ref name=ibm5324>IBM — [http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/8/877/ENUSZG82-0218/index.html IBM 5324 Product Announcement]</ref>
<ref name=xwhatsit>Tom Wong-Cornall — [https://static.wongcornall.com/ibm-capsense-usb-web/ibm-capsense-usb.html IBM Capsense USB keyboard controllers]</ref>
<ref name=ibm3471>IBM — [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS189-096 IBM Infowindow 3471 Display Station]</ref>
<ref name=ibm183-145>IBM — [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS183-145 IBM 5080 GRAPHICS SYSTEM FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE CAD/CAM,
DATA, AND ENGINEERING/SCIENTIFIC GRAPHICS (#183-145)]</ref>
<ref name=ibm183-129>IBM — [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS183-129 IBM 3270 PERSONAL COMPUTER (#183-129)]</ref>
<ref name=ibm183-033>IBM — [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS183-033 IBM 3290 INFORMATION PANEL (#183-033)]</ref>
<ref name=ibm185-115>IBM — [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS185-115 IBM 3290 INFORMATION PANEL MODELS 220 AND 230 REPLACE IBM 3290 MODEL 1 (#185-115)]</ref>
<ref name=ibm187-025>IBM — [https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/archive/ENUS187-025 IBM 3191 DISPLAY STATION MODELS A30 AND B30 (#187-025)]</ref>
<ref name=worthpoint1868331207>WorthPoint — [https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/vintage-ibm-104-key-model-keyboard-1868331207 Vintage IBM 104-key "Model F" Keyboard 73X3860 Type 3192-G Model 00 (archived eBay listing)]</ref>

</references>

[[Category:IBM keyboards]]
[[Category:Keyboards with buckling springs]]
[[Category:Vintage keyboards]]
[[Category:IBM Model F keyboards]]
[[Category:List of all IBM keyboards]]
[[Category:List of all keyboards]]